A Self Review And Needs Analysis Of The Students Existing Knowledge And Skills Base

In order to carry out this assignment, I will begin by reflecting on my own practice and performance. I have developed an action plan, depicting five areas where I believe my practice could be improved through a strengthening of my skills and knowledge. I aimed to discover my strengths and weaknesses by completing a training needs analysis, based on the Teachers’ Standards (Early Years) 2013.This helped me to identify which areas of my practice I have chosen to focus on in relation to the benchmark, i. e. the Common Core competencies. The first standard I have chosen to address is, ‘2. 1 Be more accountable for children’s progress, attainment and outcomes’ (NCTL,2013:2), which I hope to achieve by November 2013. In order to help a child develop, we must begin by observing a child, assess their level of development and plan for them based on their interests.When observing a child we must ensure that we are recording the observations appropriately, basing the m on evidence and not opinion as is stated in the Common Core competencies (CC) (CWCD,2010:10) Good observations further enable us to create a strong foundation to plan relevant activities for children. Once this has been completed, it is extremely important to reflect on what we have done.Reflection is integral to improving a child’s progress, attainment and outcomes and provides us with the opportunity to assess the results of an activity, so we can plan appropriate next steps or adapt the activity to make it more appropriate to a child’s needs and abilities. I am confident in my ability to design exciting and relevant activities for the children in my care, but have chosen to focus on improving my ability to constructively reflect on these activities, to ensure the next steps can have the best possible learning opportunities for the child.This is why I want to devise an improved planning system whereby staff can, ‘Draw upon personal experiences and other peopl e’s perspectives, to help you reflect, challenge your thinking and to assess the impact of your actions. ’ (CWCD,2010:12) A richer evaluation from an activity will give us a stronger basis to provide next steps, which are more focused and relevant to the unique child. I intend to research evaluation techniques so I will, ‘know how to use theory and experience to reflect upon, think about and improve practice.’ (CWCD,2010:12)Prompts for evaluation should also be provided to ensure we are reflecting effectively on our activities, rather than just writing something irrelevant in an effort to ‘just fill the box’. In addition, I think it would be beneficial to display ideas of activities and possible questions around the room in relevant areas to help extend spontaneous play. As the majority of our planning is spontaneous, due to the fickle and fleeting interests of a child, we must plan daily to provide activities true to a child’s most cur rent interest.This in turn will provide us with the richer observations we require to design fulfilling activities, unique to each child. The next target I have set myself, which is to be completed by December 2013 is, ‘8. 5 Take responsibility for leading practice through appropriate professional development for self and colleagues. ’ (NCTL,2013:5) It is extremely important to frequently attend courses related to childcare as new research and theories are published on a regular basis, which change our view on the way we care for children.While in an ideal world, every practitioner would be supplied with unlimited time and funding to attend every course, this is not the reality and we therefore must ensure that we relay information from each of the courses we do attend to the rest of the staff in our setting in order to enhance the practice of the setting as a whole rather than just one practitioner. Currently, this is achieved through filling out a ‘course feedba ck form’ which is one A4 page to squeeze in all the knowledge you have gained from the attended course.This is not very effective as the forms are not sufficient to encompass the wealth of information obtained on the course. In addition, the forms are kept away in a folder in the office, which is not very accessible to staff, so the benefits are not widely disseminated. The common core competencies state that I should, ‘have the confidence to challenge the way you or others practice. ’ (CWDC,2010:14) In my workplace, this means when I identify an area that needs improving, I would be enabled to attend a relevant course to ensure all staff are consistent and up to date with correct practice.When relaying the course I must, ‘communicate effectively with other practitioners and professionals by listening to them and ensuring that you are being listened to. ’ (CWDC,2010:19) Providing carefully designed aids to appeal to all types of learners i. e. visual , auditory and kinaesthetic, such as: power-point presentations, speeches or role play activities will ensure that the new information is thoroughly absorbed by all staff regardless of aptitude.I will, ‘be proactive, initiate necessary action and be able to put forward your judgements’ by creating easy to read hand-outs or leaflets. These would be available for staff to refer to, as well as for parents/carers who attend the setting to access, so we can enable consistency between home life and nursery life for the children in our care. Another aspect of my practice I have chosen to focus on is, ‘5.5 know when a child is in need of additional support, and how this can be accessed, working in partnership with parents and/or carers and other professionals. ’ (NCTL,2013:4) This process began when I was reviewing summative assessments and overviews, and became aware that a child in my care was not achieving the expected level of development in all areas. It is im portant that I, ‘know what to do in given cases – for example, referrals†¦ raising concerns when a child†¦ is not achieving their potential.’ (CWDC,2010:20)We know it is essential to raise any concerns with parents/carers in an appropriate manner first to ensure a good partnership throughout the process, because it states, ‘know when and how to discuss concerns with parents and carers’ (CWDC,2010:15) in the common core competencies. I know from completing my childcare qualifications what the correct course of action is, however I have not had much experience in referring children or filling out CAF forms, so I thought this could be a good opportunity to expand my own knowledge in this area, thus improving my practice.I intend to assist in the filling out of a CAF form as part of the referral process so I can gain a greater understanding in knowing, ‘when and how to obtain information, advice and support for children†¦ their paren ts and carers, and when and how to report concerns. ’ (CWDC,2010:12) To develop my knowledge of the further stages of the referral process, I will continue to be involved in any meetings/conferences concerning the child. This will involve liaising with other professionals, helping me to, ‘understand the procedures, objectives, roles and relationships of partner services, in order to work effectively alongside them.’ (CWDC,2010:21)Throughout this process with reference to both the internal and external elements of the referral, it is important to be fully aware of ‘organisational procedures and legal frameworks†¦ within your own organisation and other agencies’ (CWDC,2010:17) to ensure a successful and beneficial outcome for the child and family involved in the referral process. By being fully involved in this procedure from the outset, I hope to gain the knowledge and experience to be able to initiate and complete similar referrals in the future .I have set a date of February 2014  to complete this target by, however depending on the outcome of the CAF form or referral, this could be altered. The fourth action on my target plan is, ‘3. 5 demonstrate a clear understanding of appropriate strategies in the early teaching of mathematics. ’ (NCTL,2013:3) I hope to have achieved this by April 2014. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) tells us that the maths area, ‘includes essential skills and knowledge for children to participate in society’ (EYFS reference here), so it is of vital importance to ensure that we, as practitioners, have the maths skills necessary to help children achieve their full potential in this area.However, this is an area that is often neglected within settings, and it has recently come to light that it is also an area that generally children are under achieving in. To combat this, the government have launched the ‘maths champions’ project which is to be led by th e Early Years Professionals (EYP) within the setting. The project aims to boost the practitioners’ skills in mathematics and their confidence in this area in an attempt to increase the mathematic ability of the children in our care.The first stage of this is to complete an audit to assess my confidence in mathematics as well as to assess the content of the maths resources in the setting. The second stage is to complete an initial assessment, asking you maths questions, which will convert your score into a level ranging from ‘entry level 1’ to ‘level 3’ From this, data can be collected and evaluated to decide on the best course of action to improve our mathematic ability and finally take a diagnostic test similar to the initial assessment to assess what improvements, if any, have been made.I believe it is important to take part in this project because the common core competencies state that I should, ‘make good use of available information, appr aising its content and assessing what else might be needed’ (CWDC,2010:22) I am excited to see the outcome of this project, how it affects the way in which we teach maths through play and what knock on effects it may have on children in other areas of development, as we know all learning is holistic and interlinked.Lastly, I aim to, ‘2. 3 know and understand attachment theories, their significance and how effectively to promote secure attachments. ’ (NCTL,2013:2) I have given myself until the end of the first year of my foundation degree, June 2014, to do this as we will look at different theories in more and more depth as the course goes on and I will be able to provide thorough evaluation of them all.I currently work  in the baby room and so I am perfectly placed to implement my developing knowledge of attachment theories when hew babies enter the setting and transition into nursery life, and time spent away from the main caregivers. This can often be a traum atic experience for such young children, and by gaining underpinning knowledge of attachment theories, I intend to ease the transition to make it as pleasant an experience as possible for both children and their parents/carers.It is essential to, ‘understand the different ways in which babies and children form attachments and how these might change’ (CWDC,2010:12) I have very little experience working in a baby room, so I am keen to expand my knowledge of child development for this vital age where such intense learning takes place, and understanding, ‘the importance of forming positive relationships in the development of children†¦ and how this can be supported.’ (CWDC,2010:12)When supporting transitions, it is essential to, ‘communicate straightforward, reassuring messages about key transitions’ (CWDC,2010:17) in an attempt to put parents/carers’ minds at ease as children can pick up on hesitant and unsure body language and feeling s towards the situation. This will only make it more difficult for children to transition smoothly, aggravating what can already be a distressing event.One of my strengths is how I form strong and lasting relationships with parents/carers as well as their sons or daughters, I continue to keep in touch with many of the children who have left the settings as I offer my services as a babysitter for parents/carers who do not have anyone to look after their children when they go out.I must ‘reassure children†¦ their families, and carers by explaining what is happening, by involving them in decisions as appropriate, and by exploring possible actions to deal with new and challenging situations. ’ (CWDC,2010:17) Possible actions could be experimenting with strategies influenced by child attachment theories and inform hew ways to promote secure attachments.Reflection and evaluation are integral to your practice when you work in an early years setting, we must strive to cons tantly improve our practice to better the outcomes for the children within our care. I have identified my strengths and weaknesses, and in completing the program I have outlined above, I intend to enhance my performance in all areas. In relation to the target dates I have set myself, I will write up a concise evaluation to confirm whether I have achieved the desired outcomes of the 5 targets or not.

Forms and Classification of Online Business

Forms and classification of online business According to (Adam, Z. R. ), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact with each other online. About 80% of online businesses are of B2B type. Business-to-consumer is e-commerce between companies and consumers. It is the second largest in growth and numbers among the types of E-commerce. It basically is interactions between consumers whether they transact online or offline or just gather information about products that are being offered by the company. Examples of such companies that are of B2B are Amazon and Costco. Business-to-government is e-commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations Consumer-to-consumer is e-commerce between private individuals with their fellow consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by online markets and online auctions wherein these sites serve as a medium for consumers to transact with other consumers. This type of e-commerce is said to have huge potential of growth out of all the types of e-commerce. Consumer-to-business is e-commerce that is likened to reverse auction. It is basically the opposite of selling wherein a company would respond to a consumer’s need. This type of e-commerce is rarely encountered. However, e-bays report that there is a large number of this type of e-commerce wherein they earn millions of dollars every day. Mobile commerce is e-commerce wherein transactions from businesses to consumers are done through wireless networks through the medium of PDA’s and portable handheld devices. Business Models used on the Internet According to (Starting an internet business- we make it simple), there are numerous ways on making money in the internet. There are business models on which they are differentiated on how they execute and return profit. Some of these are retail while some use the power of information to sell. Affiliate Marketing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the most common type of Internet business around. It objective is to market and sell someone  else’s  product. There are various ways to market the brand both on and offline. Passive (or niche sites)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ sites designed to market advertising and/or products that require little to no maintenance. These sites can be focused on small subjects or some are built to be big multi-subject sites. The main intention here is build, promote and forget. Information Sites – this could fall into the category of passive. These sites are built for advertising; they target a narrow subject and are intended to make money primarily from advertising. Once set up and promoted, they only require occasional maintenance. Other specific business models are Product creator wherein creating one’s product be it a fashion line, shoes, and etc as long as it’s an original product and not someone else’s. Its difference with affiliate marketing is that Product creator makes one’s products and sells it as well. Email Marketing or more commonly called List building makes use of Email marketing wherein one has to build relationships with its customers and is particularly effective in building targeted traffic. It is the most highly rated way of making money in the Internet. Services are providing services such as weight loss program, quit smoking plan and etc. This provides more consumer interaction and is recommended if one excels in interacting with people. There are also more specific types of business models and more recognizable which is the Retail and Wholesale which is like an online store version of a store such as SM, Costco or Walmart. The main difference between them is that one is whole sale and the other is not. This requires a higher investment compared to other business models since additional cost through shipping products, payment processing, customer service and etc are accumulated. Creating a website for online business According to Poo (2008), in creating one’s website for business purposes, the first step is to determine one’s goals on what will one use the site for? Is it for retailing or purely marketing website? These are some things that need pondering before designing a website to make it an effective website. By brainstorming and finding out the main goals, determining the genre of the website is the next step. This will determine the pros and cons of the website. There are four genres of websites which are the sales or retailing, marketing, information and a web-based application. Poo (2008) describes that retailing or sales website it focuses much on a lot of pictures, sporadic text on product descriptions and these sites are very user friendly and easy to navigate. However, one disadvantage of retail websites is that they are not usually recognized by search engines and one way of counteracting that and bringing in traffic is making use of affiliate programs. Marketing websites compared to retailing websites is that it is designed to sell a product and one product only. Marketing website is very easy to design which feature mostly text and a few images. What is great about marketing websites is that it is perfectly positioned to make money through advertisements and affiliate programs and they are better optimized for search engines which are a huge advantage in getting traffic into the site. Information website compared to marketing and retailer is that its purpose is mainly to inform the consumers of its products or what is its trying to sell. Although some corporate websites such as Nokia, Honda, Sony, and etc. are information websites that can also sell, they are primarily designed to inform its consumers. Information websites are only recommended for businesses that has a national or international presence since local businesses that only has a local presence only gets a few visits on its website while having a business that has a nationwide presence gives off many visits and informs its consumers well on its products. Web based application works like traditional programs but the difference is that web based application is accessed through the web unlike traditional programs which are installed beforehand. It’s basically computer based application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment. This type of business venture requires a team of programmers who are creative and persevering. The payoff is very profitable but this type of business is not recommended for the newcomers. Efficiency of Online Business compared to Traditional Business According to (Nielsen, 2008), about over 85% of the world’s online population has used the internet to make a purchase which is a staggering 875 million people. Reason why there is a huge percentage of the online community using internet for purchasing is that the internet is unrivaled for its convenience when it comes to researching and shopping. Consumers nowadays would rather stay at the comfort of their homes shopping than travel and find their desired product which is very tiring compared to single click buying. In Philippine context, about 45% of Filipino online population has purchased through online means. Compared to other countries like South Korea which hails to be the number 1 in frequency of using internet for shopping, Philippines is near the bottom list of infrequent use of online shopping. However, for a third world country like Philippines this is a new innovation that is newly tapped into by consumers and in a few years the trend would be increase in use of online shopping could be observed just like what is observed in the Global population which jumped 40% for only two years. In matters of what people look for in an online shop, according to (Nielsen, 2008). â€Å"In selecting sites on which to shop, one-third used a search engine or just surfed around to find the best online store. One in four relied on personal recommendations. It is said that once an online shop captures the hearts and loyalty of its consumers about 60% of these consumers would tend to stick to the same shop in buying its products since consumer relationship has been playing a large role in making these online businesses successful. Furthermore, recommendations from fellow consumers also play a huge role in making an online site successful. Feedback is one important aspect in closing transactio ns in online businesses especially businesses on online auctions or social networking sites that seem to make 1st time online shoppers reluctant to purchase. Using Social Networking for Business According to (Brown of Inc. Technology), online social networking sites are new grounds for profiteering through online means. It is said that two out of every three internet user has used or visited a social networking site according to internet research company Compete. These numbers alone show the potential of what social networking has to offer for business opportunities. Among social networking sites, Myspace, multiply, facebook and etc. are the popular ones while there are other networking sites that have been primarily geared towards entrepreneurs such as LinkedIn, Ryze and Spoke. One of the main strengths and factor in making a successful social networking business is to focus on building networks. First is to find the niche and build the appropriate networks that fit the desired business niche. This is the essential step if not the key step in establishing a successful online business through social networking sites. References: Adam, Z. R. (2003). E-commerce and e-business. Manila, Philippines: United Nations Development Programme. Brown, D. (2009). Using Social Networking for Business. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://technology. nc. com/internet/articles/200611/interneticebreakers. html Nielsen (2009). Trends in Online Shopping. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://th. nielsen. com/site/documents/GlobalOnlineShoppingReportFeb08. pdf Poo, C. (2007) Build Website Online. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://www. cessypoo. com/build-website-online. html Starting an internet business- we make it simple (2010). Types of Business Models- Step 2. Retrieved March 14, 2010 from the World Wide Web: http://biggbucksonline. com/2009/08/25/types-of-internet-business-models/

Monsanto Expansion

Monsanto expansion Monsanto Corporation was discovered in SST. Louis Missouri in 1901. The Monsanto Chemical Company was built for its business of selling food additives such as saccharin and caffeine. During the past ten years or so, Monsanto had merged its chemicals business to focus on biotechnology. By using whole systems of herbicides, pesticides and genetically engineered seeds designed to flourish In an environment swamped with chemicals, Monsanto promised to help farmers nourish the world more resourcefully.Monsanto, well known for its lies and soiled dealing in pesticides, was founded Just to remote saccharin in 1901 which led to further dishonestly. What was its main customer at the time? A drink company named Coca-Cola. Approximately 60 percent of food produced in the United States has pesticides. Monsanto Indeed had been changing the genes of these foods. Monsanto started producing EDT In 1944. Rachel Carbon's Silent Spring talked about how pesticides were bad for our env ironment. In many cases she is right. Pesticides are harmful to every part of life. When pesticides enter a body it will never leave, the body cannot break it down.The Monsanto Company made up their own version called â€Å"The desolate year. This story shows the effects if there were no pesticides and no way to terminate Insects. This story Is about Insects over-running a world lacking pesticide poisons. Another book called â€Å"Desolate Spring† that showed an America land waste not by pesticides but by insects: â€Å"The bugs were everywhere. Rachel Carson could not respond because of cancer tumors in her cervical vertebrae. This caused loss of function In her right writing hand, than her death 18 months later from breast cancer. When Rachel Carbon's Silent Spring was published in 1963Monsanto biotech seeds and traits accounted for almost 90 percent of the total world area. It was devoted to Genetically Modified seeds by 2007. Today, over 80 percent of the worldwide regi on Is devoted to Genetically Modifying crops carrying at least one genetic trait for herbicide tolerance. Herbicides account for about one-third of the global pesticide market. Monsanto glasshouse-resistant are â€Å"Roundup Ready seeds that have reigned extreme on the biotech scene for over a decade. Roundup is the world's biggest selling pesticides and it has helped make Monsanto the world's fifth largest agrochemical corporation. Whiteners and food additives, pharmaceuticals, industrial materials and agricultural chemicals. The company's history was mainly in the chemicals industry. Having started in 1901 as a manufacturer of saccharin; by the sass's Monsanto was involved in businesses with oil/gas exploration, the production of acetic acid, plastics, synthetic rubber, resins, polystyrene, polyethylene, insulation, flame retardant materials, and Astronaut. In 1978, agriculture and food processing together accounted for Just 17 per cent of the company's sales. Nowadays, Monsanto is one of the world's largest seed companies.Although it remains the manufacturer of the world's best selling herbicide brand and roundup; it has shed its industrial and specialty chemicals divisions. The sweeteners business and even the pharmaceutical subsidiary which it acquired in 1985 is now an agricultural business that focuses on herbicides and seeds and is 2 completely head of the global market for genetically modified crop traits. The major elements of this dramatic transformation in the company's profile occurred in only about ten years between the early sass's and the early sass's.The effects that these pesticides Monsanto began making became hazardous to all existing creatures. When making â€Å"2, 3, 5 -T† in the late sass's, its workers developed skin irritations, Joint/limb pain, weakness, petulance, nervousness and loss of libido. It also caused Cancer and liver disorders. As obstetricians in Vietnam are aware, horrible fetal deformities have also been strongly linked to the tainted herbicide. In 1944, being one of fifteen companies licensed to do so, Monsanto began manufacturing EDT. EDT is a synthetic pesticide used for agriculture; to help rid of insects and help aid disease control.EDT was exiled after the â€Å"Environmental Protection Agency' found out these chemicals were going to be toxic to society. Monsanto was also one of very few companies to produce the defoliant â€Å"Agent Orange† during the Vietnam War causing over 900,000 deaths, disabilities and birth defects. In total, over 4. 8 million Vietnamese were exposed to this highly lethal chemical, as well as 20 percent of the Southern Vietnamese Jungle over nine years. The introduction of Genetically Modified crops has been promoted by three impasses Monsanto, Agents, and Brayer.These businesses are responsible for virtually all of the commercially released â€Å"Genetically Modified† crops in the world today. Now Monsanto 3 selling â€Å"Roundup-Ready' soybea ns, canola and corn seeds, which are produce plants that can stand high doses of Monsanto herbicide Roundup. Recently Monsanto has obtained several seed companies including â€Å"Holder's Foundation Seeds†, â€Å"Grows',† Agronomics†,† Deckle Genetics†, â€Å"Delta and Pine Land† and â€Å"Segments Grocer's†. In effect Monsanto is controlling the grain market. Its genetic engineered, herbicide resistant seed could become the only choice for farmers.In addition Monsanto merger with American Home Products creates the biggest manufacturer of pesticides and herbicides in the planet. If Monsanto dominates both the grain and pesticide market there is no way anyone will be able to contend with them. There are four crops that have been the primary source of genetically modification. These crops are soybeans, maize, cotton and canola. In the world marketplace these crops have turn out to be pretty noteworthy. According to industry sources; soybea ns, size, cotton and canola constitute 99 percent of the world's acreage of GM crops.With soybeans alone covering 60 percent of the total planted area, it was estimated that 56 percent of the soybeans being farmed were genetically modified. Cotton was 28 percent genetically modified and Maize 19 percent. Today, most of these GM crops are concentrated in a few countries. During the first seven years of nurturing in 1996 and 2002 only three countries the United States, Argentina and Canada were in counted for. In 2004, more than 84 percent of â€Å"Genetically Modified† crops were still encountered in these same three countries.

Lab 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab 4 - Assignment Example The legal system failed as they could not prove beyond reasonable doubt that the executives had an element of crime (30:43). Additionally, the government failed to convince the jury that the executives were guilty. Even though, there was sufficient information that could indict some of the executives such as offering defective loans to investors. The system failed as there was not enough effort to hold anyone accountable for the allegations of Wall Street. These kinds of cases were hard to prosecute as they had no prove of criminal intent (43:00). I do believe that changes on investigations would yield results such as the one Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler law firm investigations were able to file what seemed like the core credit evidence. Also, Mark Palmer had many other suits against Bears and other Wall Street banks for fraudulent mortgages they sold (40:58). The mentioned firms selling fraudulent mortgage backed securities to investors. This action almost crippled the U.S economy. It was difficult for the government and the Justice Department to prosecute firms’ executives as it would bring some economic effect. Additionally, some counterparties would be affected which had nothing to do with the

Role of Federal Reserve System in Overcoming the Financial Crisis of Essay

Role of Federal Reserve System in Overcoming the Financial Crisis of 2008 - Essay Example It also affected the trade position in services. That time fed increased the interest rate to overcome the persistent level of inflation. So that time economy was going slow down due to FED’s tightening monetary policy. Role of FED in the Last 4 Years In the last four years FED play a vital role in the economic indicators of USA economy. In 2009 first time in the history FED maintain the discount rate on .25 that was in 2008 so there arise no change. As well as it remained same in last 4 years from 2009 to 2012 in US. FED uses this strategy to control the supply of money that influences the inflation and interest rate on the economy. In 2009 the credit card act is announced FED that means a company cannot change the rate on the existing balance of a person.FED also improving the reserve requirement every year that is helpful to control the inflation but it is also slowed the growth of economy. The reserve requirement was about 67 billion in 2009, 74 billion in 2010, and 100 bi llion in 2011 that is reached on 104.45 billion in 2012 according to Federal Reserve of US. Due to highest and severe financial issue of US debt that aroused in May 2011 and increased than 14$ trillions, FED decided to depreciate the US dollar in the economy. This financial problem came due to high government expenditures of US and less tax revenue. Money supply in US (M0) that includes coins and notes as well as asset those are easily convertible in money also showed upward trend from 2009 to 2012. Like it increased from 1700000 USD millions to 2643310 USD million in 2012. Bank lending rate that is set by FED is constant from 2009 to 2012 that is 3.25%. FED’s Tool in Gaining Macroeconomic Objectives Open Market Operations Fed...This paper offers a comprehensive review of Federal Reserve System policies, both traditional and non-traditional, which were maintained in an attempt to successfully overcome the ramifications of the world financial crisis. The effectiveness of FED a ctions is proved by the dynamics of basic macroeconomic indicators during the period from 2008 to 2012. FED maintains millions of accounts as well as performing a role in settling and clearing different financial institution payments through intermediaries. FED play a vital role in providing the facility of financial services to depository institutions like distributing currency and coins, transfer funds and securities through clearing house system and collecting checks. FED playing different functions for boosting the USA economy, those are FED working as a central bank for U.S., address about the financial severe problems, regulates and instruct the other banking systems, controls monetary policy through manage the money supply in the economy, provides the financial facilities to other financial institutions, US government to strengthen the economy of US, provides the major facility of exchange of payments in the different regions. It also play a role in maximizing employment, stability of price level as well as long term moderate interest rate in the economy. Open market operations in which selling and purchasing of government securities occurs by the FED. These operations are in the control on the FOMC. During the years of the crisis, it was not possible to provide additional monetary stimulus only by utilizing traditional tools of monetary policy. To avoid this crisis, the Fed decided to utilize nontraditional policies in order to provide extra monetary policy stimulus.

Should animals be used in Sports and entertainment Research Paper

Should animals be used in Sports and entertainment - Research Paper Example The side in favor of using animals for sports and entertainment present their views that involvement of animals in activities of sports and entertainment is a normal practice and it has been used for centuries in cultural activities. There are a number of cultural events in Spain and South America which use bulls who end up either running on the roads and striking whoever comes in their way, or trying to hit the waving cloth. These activities do not cause harm to the participating animals in any way and therefore there is nothing unethical about this. (Debatepedia) On the other side, the opposing side argues that such cultural activities are what promote the use of animals in a brutal way. They argue that humans tend to go a step further and involve the animals in a cruel game or way. According to them, if the use of animals in simple sports and entertainment is banned, then the brutal games will be finished itself. The side against the involvement of animals for means of sports and entertainment also argues that animals should also not be used for showing skills and displaying their trained nature to the public. Such activities are performed in the circus where the wild animals are trained to behave in an unnatural way of publicly accepted attitude by the force of a whip (RSPCA Victoria). Also they see the elephant rides as unethical as this means that the commercial purpose promoters are using the animals as a means to an end and not as an end themselves. This is according to the categorical imperative introduced by Immanuel Kant (Kant). In this context, it can be related to the fact that the animals are used for commercial purposes and not taken care of because they are animals. In response to this, the side in favor of utilization of animals for entertainment and sports present their views that the circus is where the public, particularly children, experience these animals. When the general public watches and experiences these animals, only then they fall in love with these animals. They argue that one can only love an object or living being if he or she watches and experiences it. When these people see these animals in circus or in zoo, they fall in love with them and then they take care of them. Therefore, usually circus and zoo turns out to be the first step of taking care of the animals on the part of general public and eventually falling in love with them. Most people do not go on safari rides or jungles to see the wildlife and therefore their only chance of watching these animals is in zoo or circus. Therefore, it is also fair to the humans to experience the gifts of nature in the shape of animals, and also there is nothing wrong in doing this. Humans who like to play and enjoy usually tend to feel good when they are involved in sporting activities. When a person who loves to play football play well end up in a good mood when it plays football. Also jolly people who like to enjoy feel happy when they are involved in an act of entertainment as this makes them and others laugh and enjoy. Similar to people are animals who also feel happy when they play and provide entertainment. Most of the animals have playful personalities and

Metamorphosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Metamorphosis - Essay Example The value of family, money and changes are included in the important lessons presented in Kafka’s story. The metamorphosis experienced by the man character can be considered as a representation of the challenges present in life that people have no control of. In terms of the financial aspect of the story, despite the dependence of a family to the breadwinner, things may change as the former harmonious relationship may become conflicting as represented by the primary character. The author also showed how people usually look at the appearance instead the attitude and inner character of a person before judging him or her. Also the limits of human beings for understanding were shown in the novel as the reader can feel how sympathy may be lost. Even though a family is expected to be close enough, it may occur and ruin the relationship. In terms of the mood of the story, it does not tackle the usual flow of the story as it distorted the common view or expected flow. The readers may have the expectation that it would be a light novel, but it was filled with problems and negativities. The novel is really good in capturing the attention and curiosity of the readers as it twisted the story into something that is not expected while sharing insights and lessons in life that may seem valuable and

Tools of Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tools of Organizational Change - Essay Example It is most viable to formally advise the employees why shifting to biometrics would be more effective than their current system, of say, manual checking of IDs by security personnel. Through an organizational or departmental meeting, the advantages of the biometric system should be communicated, as well as potential resistance to this application should be solicited and addressed (motivating change). By creating a vision through emphasizing a more secure working environment and a security system that is more effective through biometric, employees would realize its benefits through the ease of identifying, verifying, and cross-checking the validity of people entering the organizational premises. Developing political support entails the full acknowledgement and support from senior management, as well as all security and administrative personnel who would orient employees during the transition. Managing the transition entails determining the progress of the biometrics application, including addressing problems and unforeseen issues. Finally, sustaining momentum requires monitoring effective acceptance of the biometric system by the employees as they proceed with their daily organizational activities; as it apparently becomes integrated as part of their organizational life. Only then would this particular organizational change be deemed effective and smoothly enforced by

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  cultural diversity has both benefits and opportunities. Therefore, it can be said that there are different dimensions of cultural diversification. In order to deal with this cultural diversity and dimensions, it is necessary to manage the diverse workforce within the hospitality industry, which can lead to achieving the corporate goals. There are various theories on cultural diversity and for managing the cultural diversity. There are strategies and defined areas of policies that are adopted by hospitality firms.  From the paper it is clear that  the importance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry it is essential to discuss aspects of the hospitality industry and cultural diversity with the help of researches. Therefore, following highlighted points, theories, and strategies will define the significance of cultural diversity within the hospitality industry.  In hospitality industry that can be known as the service industry becaus e it deals with different types of customers. It is a very vast industry, and it is a multi-billion dollar industry that provides maximum chances to maximize the profit for each organization working in this industry. Cultural diversity has a significant influence on the hospitality industry and its business. With the help of Berger & Huntington research, it can be said that the cultural diversity is beneficial for organizations in the long-term. It has been analyzed that the cultural diversity is highly important in the hospitality industry because it deals with global customers.

The Meaning of Life (Full Essay) Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Life (Full Essay) Essay Somebody knocks on door: Who is there? Police? What do you want? We want to talk. How many of you are there? Two. So talk with each other. There are two types of guests: the ones, who want to stay longer, and the ones, who want to go home asap. Strangely enough, these two types are normally found in married couples. Whats worse than eating an apple and finding a worm? Eating an apple and finding half a worm. Plants discuss: Broccoli: It seems to me that I am like a tree. Walnut: And Im like little brains. Mushroom: Ha, but I look like an umbrella. Banana: I do not like this conversation Men are having a good time in bar, just one sits sad. Peter, why are you so sad? My wife was diagnosed with AIDS Men, just kidding. Why all of you get so scared? A singer during his tour arrives to a small province town and asks for a pretty high fee: Everybody knows me – says he to the chairman of local culture office, trying to persuade him. Finally the concert takes place, but only three people came to it. You are a liar, you told me that everyone knows you, but only three man came to your concert, rebels the chairman. Of course, says the singer – only those three came, who didn’t know me. In a restaurant: What would you like to eat? I would prefer to read the menu first. If you want to read, go to the library. A guy comes into a bar and asks the barman to place 10 mugs and fill in with the beer. The bartender places mugs and starts filling them. The guy follows him and drink beer immediately. The bartender asks: -Why are you so in a hurry? -If you would have, what I have, you would be also in a hurry. The bartender steps back a little bit and asks: -And what do you have? -Somewhere around 70 cents. Funny jokes from daily life Imprisonment A mother writes a letter to her sun, who is in a prison. Dear sun, lifes so hard for me since they took you to a prison: nobody digs a vegetable garden, nobody plants potatos The sun writes back to her mother: Mom, please stay away from the garden. If you start digging it, the police may come and both take you to a prison and prolong mine imprisonment.. Mother writes back to her sun: Darling, together with your last letter police came. They digged all over the garden, but havent found anything. The left being extremely frustrated. Sun writes his mom: I helped as much, as I could with this. Please plant the potatos by yourself. Funny jokes from daily life A shot Doc, isnt it harmful to drink a shot before eating? No its not, if you dont eat too often Funny jokes from daily life Glasses Doc, I think I need to wear glasses Indeed you have to, you are in a bank. Funny jokes from daily life Concert The organizers of the concert complain to the conductor of a choir: You were supposed to bring a mixed choir, but I can see only men here. But it is a mixed choir – half of them know how to sing, and the other half- do not. Funny jokes from daily life Stupid Im sorry I hurt your feelings when I called you stupid. I really thought you already knew it. Funny jokes from daily life- Teeth VS Tongue Teeth says to tongue: if I just press a little, youll get cut. Tongue replies: if i misuse a single word, all 32 of you will come out. Funny jokes from daily life the Boss A boss took one of his employees to show his new sports car. That is amazing the employee was fascinated. That is true replied boss and if you set your new goals higher and work even harder I can get an even better car next year. Funny jokes from daily life Compliment I hate it when you offer someone a sincere compliment about their mustache, and suddenly she is not your friend anymore Funny jokes from daily life Driving Man returning with his wife from guests. Drunk man drives car better than his sober wife. But there is only one problem, how to explain that to the policeman? Funny jokes from daily life Vacation Where are you going for vacation this year? I checked my budget and decided that I didnt get tired. Funny jokes from daily life fat Its not the dress that makes you look fat. Its the fat. Funny jokes from daily life: Does laugh prolong life? Is it true that 5 minutes of laugh prolongs your life by 5 minutes? It depends who you are laughing at – it may as well shorten it Funny jokes from daily life Device At the Court discussion between judge and villager: So you was propeling surrogate alcohol? Me? No! What do you mean no? You have a device for that means propeled. Then please judge me also for rape So you have raped someone also? Well no but I have a device Funny jokes from daily life Old woman The old woman comes to a gynecologist. He inspects her and says with the surprice: An old woman, youre pregnant! How did you managed at your age? Oh, those teens. They always asks to tell them everything, then show and give to try Funny jokes from daily life A fool On a beach a man shouts at another man: Tell your son not to imitate me. A man to his son: Son, stop playing the fool. Funny jokes from daily life A high fives You know what I was thinking about right now? What it would be like to have six fingers. high fives would be different. Funny jokes from daily life Debtor The best way to make somebody remember you is to borrow money from them. Funny jokes from daily life Folk Our folk not only knows how to read between the lines but also how to leave a record between the eyes. Funny jokes from daily life At the shop Can I help you? No. I just waited in the line for 30 minutes to say Hi. Funny jokes from daily life A false image I may look calm, but in my mind I have killed you three times already. Funny jokes from daily life Riches Yes, money cannot buy happiness, but it is much more comfortable to cry in a new BMW than on a bike. Funny jokes from daily life Assurance I never make the same mistake twice. I make it 5-6 times, just to be sure. Funny jokes from daily life A fence Why is there a fence around the cemetery? Because people are dying to get in. Funny jokes from daily life 100 dollar bill A: Why are you late? B: There was a man who lost a hundred dollar bill. A: Thats nice. Were you helping him look for it? B: No, I was standing on it. Funny jokes from daily life Rolls A family bought an apartment and started interior decorations. Wife tells her husband: Honey, go to the neighbors and ask how many rolls of wallpapers they have bought when they were decorating their walls. The husband went to the neighbors and he was told: Twelve rolls. The family bought twelve rolls, started decorating but at the end six rolls were left unused. Angry husband goes to the neighbors: Hey you, shitty pigs, couldn’t you have told me the truth? We have six rolls left now. We have six rolls left as well, answered the neighbor. Funny jokes from daily life Claustrofobia What is Claustrophobia? This is a fear of closed space. For example, you go to a store for a beer and are afraid that it will be closed. Funny jokes from daily life Yard How many feet are in the yard? That depends on how many people are standing in it. Funny jokes from daily life Stupid passengers The policeman stops the driver and says: You won 500 dollars for wearing a safety belt. What will you do with the winning? I do not know, probably will pass the exam for a driving license Then his wife says: Do not listen! He always talk like that when he is drunk. Passenger from rear wakes up: I told you that we wont go far away with the stolen car! At the same time voice from the trunk: Have we already crossed the border? Funny jokes from daily life Smoking.

Movie Run Lola Run Film Studies Essay

Movie Run Lola Run Film Studies Essay Cinema that interests me is cinema about openings, unresolved questions and experiements, †¦ without refusing chaos, chance, destiny or the unexpected. This quote by Tom Tykwer (Composer), epitomizes how he is trying to explore the range of possibilities in film. Also making it distinctive to draw in the audience by having open ended possibilities in film. The movie Run lola run directed by Tom Tykwer and the red tree written by shaun tan, both establish two core ideas which are chance and time. The use of a variety of techniques create distinctively visual images that are highly distinctive. Chance is an idea which is clearly portrayed in both texts. In the movie, Run lola run, the director uses flash forwards to empitomize this idea of chance. The audience witnesses the lives change for the people that lola bumbs into on her journeys, and how their lives change each time to how lols life changes. This is seen with the lady with the pram that lola encounters each time as she beggings her run. This symbolises the unpredictability of life. Lolas destiny in each three stories, so do the lives of the people that she sees. The use of the fast non-digetic sound of the clicking of the camera, allows the audience to feel a sense of urgency. This reflects the idea of fate, that our choices, circumstnces and actions are all connected with those whom we encounter in life. The audience gains a sense of knowledge and is made aware that their life is unpredictable and their actions affect others. Furthermore, the use of characterisation is evident in the main character Lola. The idea of using a female as the protagonist of the film is what makes this post-modern film so distinctive to all the other films in todays society. As a result, lola feels at time, that she isnt in control of her destiny and uses her loud, high-pitched scream to change that. The reoccurring digetic sound of lolas scream is mainly evident in the casino scene, where there is a close-up on Lolas face as she screams to control her destiny with the ball to land on the number 20, as she plays the ultimate game of chance. The audience is made to feel anxious as the wait to see the result of her scream. Hence the idea of chance is also presented in the picture book, The red tree. The metaphore the world is a deaf machine, is used in conjuction with the dull colours used to portray that the persona, the little girl, feels unheard and fears that her destiny will be to end up alone and not belong in society. The reader is automatically drawn to empathise with the persona as how a little girl can be unheard and be left all alone. Thus, the use of composiotion layout is used in the middle of the picture book. Where the vector image is a game board which symbolises chance and many paths, also it is evident that the girl in the corner of the page is holding a dice, this dice represents the idea of fate. This illustrates to the reader that the persona believes that her life is a game and also she is unsure of the future. All the above techniques used in both the film Run lola run and the picture book the red tree influence the idea of chance and the use of visual techniques are what makes these texts both so distinctively visual. Time is an important idea in both texts which is constantly reoccurring. At the beginning of the movie run lola run, the opening credits, an animated lola is seen running towards a clock as the sound effects of tick tocking sounds. Allow the audience to be aware of the importance of time in this film. Hence, the close upshot of the pendukm grand-father clock in the opening credits, helps aid the importance of time. The reaccuring motif of clocks and the number 20, 20 minutes to save mani, generates drama and exicitment, also reminding the audience of lolas race against time. Furthermore, the audience is with lola in her journey for the real time of 20 minutes. This gives the audience the knowledge of what lola actually completes in 20 minutes. This technique is what makes this post-modern film so distinctively visual. Furthermore, the use of split screen image is constantly reaccuring in the tri-part structure of the film. This is shown in the multiple scences between mani, lola and the town clock, as lola competes against time to get to mani and save him. This is used to engange the audience and make them wonder what is going to happen next and allow them to wonder if she will make it in time. Simliarily the idea of time is present in the picture book, the red tree with the reoccurring motif of the red leaf. The persona at the start of the novel doesnt pay attention to it, however towards the end of the book she notices it and it is evident that a smile begins to form on her face. This is used to symbolise to the reader that it takes time for a good outcome to occur also that in ones life timing is everything. Furthermore the repition of and wait.. symbolises that the persona is just waiting for something to happen. This makes the reader feel sympathetic to the little girl. This visual technique is used to make both texts so distinctively visual. Also the different events in each of the characters life, helps shape the texts to be unique. In conclusion, the movie run lola run and the picture book the red tree the use of many visual and aural techniques has created texts that are portrayed to be distinctively visual.

Non Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace

Non Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace Given todays technology-driven communication systems, people have fewer face-to-face interactions. As a result, it is crucial to maximize their impact. Dr. Gorman provides a valuable guide for doing just that by helping the reader understand how the nonverbal aspects of a conversation often say much more than the verbal ones. Jon Peters, President, The Institute for Management Studies. It is well-known that body language refers to nonverbal mode of communication. On scientific analysis, it has been found that the different aspects of communication comprise 55% bodily movements and gestures, 38% vocal tone and only 7% words or verbal communication. It is thus clear that about 93% of communication is nonverbal, as many times, words are inadequate. This shows that correct use of body language serves as an effective nonverbal communication tool to convince fellow-workers at workplace, as well as family and friends, eventually leading to overall organizational success through self-development. It further leads to personal and professional growth of an employee, ultimately benefiting the organization. An attempt has, therefore, been made in this paper to discuss the importance, modes and effective use of body language in successful organizational development (Rane, 2010). A thorough understanding of the role that body language plays in our day-to-day business activities is vital. Executives, managers, and salespeople who arent reading the clear signals of others or who dont have a clue how their own nonverbal communication is sabotaging their efforts. At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, and the need for, good interpersonal skills couldnt be greater (Gorman, 2008). 1. Nonverbal Communication: Definition. Any form of  communication  that is not expressed in words.  Nonverbal  communication  is estimated to make up 65-90% of all  communication, and understanding, interpreting, and using it are essential skills.  Forms of  nonverbal  communication  include actions and behaviour such as silence, failure or slowness to respond to a message, and lateness in arriving for a meeting.  Body language is also an important part of  nonverbal  communication. Nonverbal  elements of  communication  may reinforce or contradict a verbal message (Bloomsbury Business Library Business Management Dictionary; 2007, p5154-5154, 1p). Body language is like a computer. Everybody knows what it is, but most of us are never exactly sure how it works. Thats because the process of receiving and decoding nonverbal communication is often done without our conscious awareness. It simply happens. Human beings are genetically programmed to look for facial and behavioural cues and to quickly understand their meaning. We see someone gesture and automatically (Gorman, 2008). Everyone knows someone who can walk into a room full of people and within minutes give an accurate description about the relationships between those people and what they are feeling. The ability to read a persons attitudes and thoughts by their behaviour was the original communication system used by humans before spoken language evolved. Before radio was invented, most communication was done in writing through books, letters, and newspapers, which meant that ugly politicians and poor speakers such as Abraham Lincoln could be successful if they persisted long enough and wrote good print copy. The radio era gave openings to people who had a good command of the spoken word, like Winston Churchill, who spoke wonderfully but may have struggled to achieve as much in todays more visual era. Todays politicians understand that politics is about image and appearance, and most high-profile politicians now have personal body-language consultants to help them come across as being sincere, caring, and honest, especially when theyre not. It seems almost incredible that, over the thousands of years of our evolution, body language has been actively studied on any scale only since the 1960s and that most of the public has become aware of its existence only since the book  Body Language  was published in 1978. Yet most people believe that speech is still our main form of communication. Speech has been part of our communication repertoire only in recent times in evolutionary terms, and is mainly used to convey facts and data. Speech probably first developed between two million and five hundred thousand years ago, during which time our brain tripled its size. Before then, body language and sounds made in the throat were the main forms of conveying emotions and feelings, and that is still the case today. But because we focus on the words people speak, most of us are largely uninformed about body language, let alone its importance in our lives (Pease, 2008). Body language is also known as  kinesics.  A pioneer in the field, Ray Birdwhistell (Ray L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, p. 80.), writes, The isolation of gestures and the attempt to understand them led to the most important findings of kinesic research. This original study of gestures gave the first indication that kinesic structure is parallel to language structure. By the study of gestures in context, it became clear that the kinesic system has forms which are astonishingly like words in language. Researchers have observed people involved in the communication process. They have studied body language and other nonverbal behaviour, and they have then related or identified these actions with actual content of the message being transmitted. 2. Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication. There are several ways in which the nonverbal behaviour is seen clearly related to verbal behaviour. This relationship is one of dependence and also of independence. There are nonverbal communicative acts that are easily and accurately translated into words. Several gestures clearly illustrate this relationship. For example, the gesture of folded hands for namaste, the gesture of handshake, a smile, a frown, etc., are generally translatable into words. There is also a class of nonverbal acts that are very much a part of speech and serves the function of emphasis. Examples are head and hand movements that occur more frequently with words, and phrases of emphasis. There are acts which draw pictures of the referents tracing the contour of an object or person referred to verbally. Yet another class of acts is employed for displaying the effects (feelings). Another class refers to acts that help to initiate and terminate the speech of participants in a social situation. These regulators m ight suggest to a speaker that he keep talking, that he clarify, or that he hurry up and finish (Ekman and Friesen, 1969). There are the ways in which the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication can be characterized. These are as follows: -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is one of the latter playing a supplementary role to the former. The nonverbal acts that are supplementary to verbal acts may precede or follow or be simultaneous with the verbal acts. For example, in many verbal acts one notices an accompaniment of one or more nonverbal acts, such as gestures, facial expressions, and movement towards or away from the addressee, to illumine the meaning of the former. While for any verbal acts such an accompaniment may only be considered redundant, for several others, such and accompaniment explicitness, clarity, emphasis, discrimination and reinforcement. -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is also one of the former playing a supplementary role to the latter. In many verbal acts, both in children and adults, in normals with all the linguistic organs intact, and normal with some handicap to the linguistic organs, as well as in abnormal individuals, nonverbal acts may take precedence over the verbal acts in several ways. In the normal with all the linguistic organs intact, occasions demand the use of nonverbal acts such as pantomime and gestures for aesthetic purposes, and for purposes of coded (secret) communication. Indulgence in nonverbal acts as primary medium is also necessitated by the distance that separates the parties which can, however, retain visual contact while engaging themselves in communication. -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication could be one of correspondence as well. That is, there are several nonverbal acts that can be accurately translated into words in the language of a culture in which such nonverbal acts are performed. A handshake, shaking a fist at someone, a smile, and frown, etc., are all nonverbal acts translatable into verbal medium in a particular language. The functions of these nonverbal acts, context to context, are also codified in aesthetic nonverbal acts, such as dance, sculpture and other arts. The correspondence is sometimes translatable into words, sometimes into phrases and sentences, and several times translatable into compressed episodes involving lengthy language discourses. But the correspondence is there all the same and the import of this correspondence is shared between individuals within a community. There is also yet another correspondence of nonverbal acts in the sense that similar nonverbal acts could mean different things in different cultures. -Yet another relationship between a verbal act and a nonverbal act is one of dependence. A verbal act may depend for its correct interpretation entirely on a nonverbal act. Likewise a nonverbal act may depend for its correct interpretation entirely on a verbal act. In extreme circumstances, the former is caused because of deliberate distortion of the verbal act, or because of the difficulty in listening clearly to the verbal act, or because of the difficulty in reading with clarity what is intended to be read in the written verbal message. Deliberate distortion is not found only in contrived acts such as poetry or drama. It is done in day to day language itself. Distortion and opacity of the verbal message are also required in certain socio-cultural contexts wherein it is demanded that verbal acts be suppressed and made dependent on nonverbal acts. The dominant nonverbal acts also depends on verbal acts for clarity. This dependence also depends on verbal acts for clarity. It also occ urs in daily life. -Verbal and nonverbal acts can be independent of one another. Something is communicated through a verbal act. The continued manifestation of this communicative act may be in the form of nonverbal acts. That is, in a single communicative act, part of the message may be in verbal form and the rest in nonverbal, in an alternating way. Each part is independent of the other. This is contrived in poetry and drama. It is also found in every day life. An extreme form of this independence is the gulf that we notice between what one says and what one does. Also prevarication both in word and deed derives its strength, among others, from this feature. -Another relationship between verbal and nonverbal acts in one of non-relevance. This is most commonly found in normal adult speech and its accompanying gestures which are produced simply without any communicative intent. We move our hands, snap our fingers, move our bodies while speaking, with these gestures having no relevance to the speech we make. When this non-relevance between verbal and nonverbal acts found in normal is shifted to non-relevance or irrelevance within the ingle domain, within speech itself or within nonverbal act itself (during which coherence in speech or act is lost), we start considering the individual abnormal in some way. That is, non-relevance across the verbal and nonverbal media is normal, but non-relevance within a single medium is abnormal. The non-relevance is idiosyncratic and could be imitational as well. In the normal the excessive non-relevance of nonverbal acts accompanying speech comes to hamper the understanding of the verbal acts. 3. Types of Nonverbal Communication and Their Effects on Business. The types of nonverbal communication are almost limitless. However, there are the types that are most applicable to business communications: facial expressions and eye contact, other body movements and gestures, clothing and personal appearance, distance and personal space, physical environment, and time (Hamilton, 2011). Reading faces is not just a matter of identifying static expressions but also of noticing how faces subtly begin to change. People in face-to-face exchanges watch each others expressions to gauge reactions to whats being said and heard. Even when some words are missed, observing the expression on a speakers face can help the listener follow a conversation (Goman, 2008). The smile is a very potent form of facial expression. It opens the door to communication.  A natural, pleasant smile carries great significance in establishing and sustaining human  relationships, be they in a family, society, community or a business organization. Significance of smiling is beautifully brought out in the saying, You are never fully  dressed unless you wear a smile. Smile speaks the language of love, compassion,  sincerity, courtesy, confidence and dependability. A smile emits positive signals. A smile  can create a favourable impact and earn goodwill. All the same, it is also true that all  smiles are not genuine. In the service industry, the sales force is specifically taught to  cultivate genuine smiles and smile liberally in their day-to-day transactions with  colleagues and customers (Marwijk,2002). The eyes have been described as the gateway to the soul. They speak in the most revealing and accurate language because of the vast amount of information they convey about internal processes (Gorman, 2008). Probably everyone has had some experience with eyes as nonverbal communicators. Most of us have been stared at and have wondered why. Was it curiosity or ill manners? Or perhaps the starter had poor vision and was merely trying to get us in focus. But then there is the possibility the observer found us attractive and interesting and was issuing an invitation to get better acquainted. Most of us have decoded eye language even if we did not know about body language or nonverbal communication. There are numerous messages that can be sent with the eyes, but the stare is the most important technique a person has. In our culture one does not stare at another person-one stares at things. Therefore, a stare can have a devastating effect because it reduces a person to nonhuman status. There is an endless number of messages which can be sent when one thinks of eyes combined with different positions and movements of the eyelids and eyebrows. As with all forms of nonverbal communication, messages sent by the eyes should be decoded in terms of the words accompanying them (Marwijk, 2002). Daniel was well qualified (overqualified, in fact) for the job he was seeking, so when he didnt get hired he was shocked. But when Daniel called the recruiter who sent him out, he was told, You were fabulous in all the technical aspects, but you freaked out the interviewer because you couldnt look her in the eye (Goman, 2008). How can anyone hope to communicate without using hands and arms? And even legs are for something besides walking. No doubt each of us knows someone who talks with his or her hands. Some people punctuate communications with such extravagant gestures that it is extremely dangerous to get too close to their nonverbal exclamations. Do you know people who during a conversation or a card game drum or tap incessantly with their finger tips? Are there people you know who constantly click the on-off switch of their ballpoint pens? Do you know people who frequently pop their knuckles? Do you notice individuals who tap their feet, who cross and uncross their legs, or who cross their legs and then swing their crossed legs back and forth? What do these nonverbal messages tell you? Is the person nervous? Insecure? Bored? Thinking? Happy? Craving attention? A nuisance? Perhaps the messages mean nothing. On the other hand, if nonverbal signs reveal the emotional side of a communication, it is often important for you to try to determine what message is being transmitted along with the verbal one. Sometimes they are the same; other times they are drastically different. Many people are devoting their entire life to the study of body language. Body language is an interesting, fascinating area of nonverbal communication; much remains to be learned about it. By becoming a better observer, by sharpening your powers of perception, and by knowing as much as possible about your audience (decoders), you should be able to translate more accurately nonverbal and verbal messages (Marwijk, 2002). Elements such as physique, height, weight, hair, skin colour, gender, odours, and clothing send nonverbal messages during interaction. For example, a study, carried out in  Vienna,  Austria, of the clothing worn by women attending discothà ¨ques showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were in town without their partners) motivation for sex, and levels of sexual hormones, were correlated with aspects of the clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed, and the presence of sheer clothing, e.g. at the arms. Thus, to some degree, clothing sent signals about interest in courtship. Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller, for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking. Environmental factors such as  furniture, architectural style,  interior decorating, lighting conditions, colours, temperature, noise, and music affect the behaviour of communicators during interaction. The furniture itself can be seen as a nonverbal message. Proxemics  is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is interpreted The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space. The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space.  Hargie Dickson identify 4 such territories: Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owners permission. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no right to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space. Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it. When we discuss space in a nonverbal context, we mean the space between objects and people. Space is often associated with social rank and is an important part of business communication. Who gets the corner office? Why is the head of the table important and who gets to sit there? As the context of a staircase has norms for nonverbal behavior, so does the public speaking context. In North America, eye contact with the audience is expected. Big movements and gestures are not generally expected and can be distracting. The speaker occupies a space on the stage, even if its in front of the class. When you occupy that space, the audience will expect to behave in certain ways. If you talk to the screen behind you while displaying a PowerPoint presentation, the audience may perceive that you are not paying attention to them. Speakers are expected to pay attention to, and interact with, the audience, even if in the feedback is primarily nonverbal. Your movements should coordinate with the ton e, rhythm, and content of your speech. Pacing back and forth, keeping your hands in your pockets, or crossing your arms may communicate nervousness, or even defensiveness, and detract from your speech (Scott McLean, 2008). Do you know what time it is? How aware you are of time varies by culture and normative expectations of adherence (or ignorance) of time. Some people, and the communities and cultures they represent, are very time-oriented. The Euro Railways trains in Germany are famous for departing and arriving according to the schedule. In contrast, if you take the train in Argentina, youll find that the schedule is more of an approximation of when the train will leave or arrive. When you give a presentation, does your audience have to wait for you? Time is a relevant factor of the communication process in your speech. The best way to show your audience respect is to honour the time expectation associated with your speech. Always try to stop speaking before the audience stops listening; if the audience perceives that you have gone over time, they will be less willing to listen. This in turn will have a negative impact on your ability to communicate your message. Chronemics  is the study of how we refer to and perceive time. Tom Bruneau at Radford University has spent a lifetime investigating how time interacts in communication and culture. As he notes, across Western society, time is often considered the equivalent of money. The value of speed is highly prized in some societies.  In others, there is a great respect for slowing down and taking a long-term view of time. When you order a meal at a fast food restaurant, what are your expectations for how long you will have to wait? When you order a pizza online for delivery, when do you expect it will arrive? If you order cable service for your home, when do you expect it might be delivered? In the first case, you might measure the delivery of a hamburger in a matter of seconds or minutes, and perhaps thirty minutes for pizza delivery, but you may measure the time from your order to working cable in days or even weeks. You may even have to be at your home from 8 a.m. to noon, waiting for its installation. The expectations vary by context, and we often grow frustrated in a time-sensitive culture when the delivery does not match our expectations. Across cultures the value of time may vary. Some Mexican American friends may invite you to a barbecue at 8 p.m., but when you arrive you are the first guest, because it is understood that the gathering actually doesnt start until after 9 p.m. Similarly in France, an 8 p.m. party invitation would be understood to indicate you should arrive around 8:30, but in Sweden 8 p.m. means 8 p.m., and latecomers may not be welcome. Some Native Americans, particularly elders, speak in well-measured phrases and take long pauses between phrases. They do not hurry their speech or compete for their turn, knowing no one will interrupt them. Some Orthodox Jews observe religious days when they do not work, cook, drive, or use electricity. People around the world have different ways of expressing value for time (Bruneau, 1976). 4. Improving Nonverbal Skills The words that you say in a conversation are only a small part of what you communicate to another person. Your tone and body language play a much larger role in what you are communicating to another person. For example, the words great job can be taken as a sincere compliment or as a sarcastic barb, depending upon the nonverbal skills used. If you are saying the right words but not backing them up with your nonverbal skills, then you are not going to be a very effective communicator. Here is how to improve nonverbal skills. -Recognize that nonverbal skills are a very important part of communication. The way that you position your body and the voice tone that you use during a conversation can speak even louder than the actual words coming out of your mouth. By improving your nonverbal skills, you can become a much more effective communicator in all areas of your life. -Make eye contact. The fastest way to improve your nonverbal skills is to make eye contact with the other person during a conversation. By making eye contact, you are connecting with that person, which makes it much easier for both of you to understand each other. When your eyes are wandering during a conversation, you are sending the nonverbal message that you are not invested in the conversation. -Pay attention to your tone. Most of us have had the misfortune of sitting through a speech in which powerful words were killed because the speaker was clearly bored, which made what could have been a dynamic speech unbearably boring. If you want to motivate another person, you need to put some energy into your speech. If you want to put another person in his place, use a deeper and more firm voice. Use your tone to energize your words. -Watch your body language. The way you position your body during a conversation speaks volumes, and you can use the way you position yourself to improve your nonverbal skills. If you want to end a conversation sooner, make of point of looking at your watch, which says, I have somewhere else that I need to be. If you want to be in a power position during a conversation, stand while the other person remains seated. If you want to communicate that you are open to the other persons ideas, then uncross your arms. -Pay attention to other peoples nonverbal cues. When you are in a meeting, observe two people talking with each other. Notice the tone of their voices and the positions of their bodies. You can often tell who is going to win a disagreement based upon the nonverbal body language used. -Incorporate effective nonverbal skills into your own communication style. When you see another person use a nonverbal skill effectively, try to incorporate that nonverbal skill into your own communication style. For example, if you see a person effectively raise his eyebrows in a way that sends the message, I really do not believe you, without having to say a word, then incorporate that nonverbal skill into your own way of communicating when you are in a similar situation. -Practice improving your nonverbal skills. At first, you might feel self-conscious as you start focusing on your nonverbal skills. However, with a little practice, your nonverbal skills will become second nature, and other people will be learning from you (Marwijk, 2002). 5. Conclusion Nonverbal communication variables play a major role in affecting the meaning of messages in business communication contexts. Consequently, business communicators need to have a general understanding of nonverbal communication and to recognize how such behaviors as body posture and movement, eye contact, facial expression, seating arrangement, vocal cues, spatial relationships, and personal appearance affect the ways their verbal messages are received by others. Quite often nonverbal communication provides metacommunication, or communication about communication, serving to repeat, contradict, substitute, complement, accent, and regulate verbal communication. If business communicators want to ascribe meaning to others nonverbal behaviors, they should take care to interpret the nonverbal message in its proper context, realizing that people respond differently to different stimuli and that some nonverbal behaviors vary in meaning across cultures. Businessmen can apply their understanding of nonverbal communication to personal interviews to show their true feelings of immediacy, potency, and responsiveness, to relax others, and to achieve maximum effect from the interview situation. They can also observe and adjust seating arrangement, room decor, and eye contact between group members to increase productivity at conferences and in small group discussions.

Manatees :: essays research papers

In 1493, when Columbus sailed to the Americas for his second journey, he and his sailors were the first Europeans to spot the present-day manatees. Because of their amazingly humanlike appearance these ancient sailors went home telling stories of mermaids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Spanish came over they hunted and ate these massive beasts. Since the early 1900's the manatee population has dwindled severely. Finally countries and smaller organizations began taking interest in saving the manatees. Laws and regulations were set so that manatees might be saved from extinction. This has been successful to a point, but still only very few manatees live and they must be nurtured in order to flourish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Manatees are also known as sea cows because they graze on pastures of sea grass. They are air breathing creatures and most kinds can grow up to thirteen feet long during the average life span of sixty years. Manatees can weigh up to 3500 pounds. An average adult weighs between 1000 and 2000 pounds. They range from gray to brown in color and are primarily a plant-eating mammal. Sometimes they may eat small crabs, snails, or any other small animal that clings to the water grass. Manatees usually keep to themselves but when migration season arrives, they migrate in groups to warmer waters full of rich vegetation. During mating season they will also travel in groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mating season is not held at any particular time of the year. However when the females are ready to breed (about seven years old) they will rub certain parts of their bodies up against rocks or other things in the water where a matured male (three to four years old) will follow her. The female will then wait for her suitor or suitors to arrive. If there are more than one she will run from the group until she is ready to mate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are four different types of manatees. The most common type of manatee is the West Indian Manatee. They swim freely in fresh or salt water and use their tail to propel themselves and their flippers to steer. At the end of each flipper are three or four nails.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another type of manatee, the West African Manatee, has a similar appearance. There is not much known about this species of manatees but their population seems to be declining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Amazonian Manatee is found in the Amazon River and swims only in fresh water. Manatees :: essays research papers In 1493, when Columbus sailed to the Americas for his second journey, he and his sailors were the first Europeans to spot the present-day manatees. Because of their amazingly humanlike appearance these ancient sailors went home telling stories of mermaids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Spanish came over they hunted and ate these massive beasts. Since the early 1900's the manatee population has dwindled severely. Finally countries and smaller organizations began taking interest in saving the manatees. Laws and regulations were set so that manatees might be saved from extinction. This has been successful to a point, but still only very few manatees live and they must be nurtured in order to flourish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Manatees are also known as sea cows because they graze on pastures of sea grass. They are air breathing creatures and most kinds can grow up to thirteen feet long during the average life span of sixty years. Manatees can weigh up to 3500 pounds. An average adult weighs between 1000 and 2000 pounds. They range from gray to brown in color and are primarily a plant-eating mammal. Sometimes they may eat small crabs, snails, or any other small animal that clings to the water grass. Manatees usually keep to themselves but when migration season arrives, they migrate in groups to warmer waters full of rich vegetation. During mating season they will also travel in groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mating season is not held at any particular time of the year. However when the females are ready to breed (about seven years old) they will rub certain parts of their bodies up against rocks or other things in the water where a matured male (three to four years old) will follow her. The female will then wait for her suitor or suitors to arrive. If there are more than one she will run from the group until she is ready to mate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are four different types of manatees. The most common type of manatee is the West Indian Manatee. They swim freely in fresh or salt water and use their tail to propel themselves and their flippers to steer. At the end of each flipper are three or four nails.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another type of manatee, the West African Manatee, has a similar appearance. There is not much known about this species of manatees but their population seems to be declining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Amazonian Manatee is found in the Amazon River and swims only in fresh water.

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic Levels Essay -- Health Nutrition Di

Energy Bars and Resulting Glycemic Levels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins’ diet has been sweeping the nation as more and more Americans struggle to lose weight. Opposed to other diets which require less fatty foods and more fruits and vegetables, Atkins’ takes a different approach. The Atkins’ diet suggests that removal of carbohydrates alone will lead to a thinner and healthier body. Atkins’ encourages intake of low-carb and high protein foods such as meat, and discourages consumption of foods high in carbohydrates such as bread. Divergent from proteins, carboyhdrates store sugars for a longer period of time and eventually turn into fat. To accommodate the diet, Atkins came out with the low carb Atkins Advantage energy bar. But losing carbs isn’t the only path to weight loss as other bars with this macronutrient also affect glycemic levels (liquid derived from fats). Such bars, including the Balance Bar and Power Bar, substitute low-glycemic carbs for higher glycemic carbs as the former have been associated with weight gain and increased blood cholesterol. A study went underway to determine just how successful the energy bars are in affecting glycemic levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A study took place to see just how effective energy bars are with glycemic levels. The Atkins Advantage, which in nearly free of carbs, the Balance Bar, which provides its energy from 40% carbs, 30% protein, and 30% fat, and the Power Bar, that’s high in carbs, all were scientifically studied to see how well they live up to their names. The bars were abbreviated LC for low in carbs (Atkins), MC for moderate, (Balance) and HC for high (Power). The goal of this study was to compare the different glycemic responses of each bar to wh... ... leading to faster processing of fat and muscle gain versus weight gain. The Power bar on the other hand, which contains more carbs than the average carb substance such as white bread, is affective when eaten after exercise as it replenishes loss of glycogen in the muscles. So, each bar under this study affectively alters glucose levels, but with different results. The Atkins Advantage, or LC, contains drastically lower carbs leading to weight loss. The Balance Bar assists in weight loss to a smaller degree (with have the carbs of bread) but what it lacks in pound shedding makes up for with energy (from the protein and fats). And finally the high carb Power bar, with an additional amount of carbs, provides the energy and muscle aid which in turn can lead to weight loss. In sum, each bar is functional in their different dietary functions.

In the book aptly titled Hannibal Essay

In the book aptly titled Hannibal, Serge Lancel provided a nitty-gritty exposition of Rome’s Great Commander life history. Through this book, Lancel aims to provide a concise account of Hannibal’s greatness to enlighten some misconceptions about the hero, and to outline how Hannibal reached the summit of success, in terms of war. The book explicates Hannibal’s historical biography from childhood up to the moment of his downfall, to give the reader a clear picture of Hannibal’s attributes, strengths, weaknesses, and most especially his essential characteristics that made him a true hero. Lancel does not only establish Hannibal’s internal complexities but he also provided a precise status quo of the Carthaginian world throughout the progression of the Great Commander’s life history. With this, Lancel successfully sketched the annihilation of Hellenistic world and the ascension of Rome. Hannibal was brought in to world in 247 BCE at Carthage, which was experiencing a tremendous loss from Rome during the First Punic War (264-241). The domination of Rome during this period has a great influence to young Hannibal’s life because he was the eldest son of a Carthaginian general named Hamilcar Barca. At the age of ten, Hannibal witnessed the step by step triumph of his father through the latter’s accomplishment of other territories for the expansion Carthage empire. Many believed that Hamilcar compelled Hannibal to make a promise that the latter will have a perpetual abhorrence to the Roman Empire. Lancel posited that these could be hearsay only but this event could be true since Carthaginians have all the reasons to detest the Romans. When Hamilcar died in 229 BCE, Hasdrubal the Fair (Hamilcar’s son in-law) assumed the position, and during his reign he changed the landscape warfare by promoting diplomatic means. Eight years after, Hasdrubal was assassinated, which paved way for Hannibal’s commandership over the Carthaginian militia in Iberia. From diplomatic practice, Hannibal went back to his father approach of battle, which is aggressive in nature. His first attack was towards the natives of Salamanca in 220 BCE, followed the seizure Santagnum, which led to a conflict with the Romans because during Hasdrubal supremacy, Carthage and Rome made a treaty to prevent any disagreement between the two empires. Carthage and Rome underwent a negotiation, and while it is going Hannibal continued his goal of extending his territory. When he completely invaded the Iberian Peninsula the Carthage-Rome relationship worsened and catapulted the Second Punic War. Rome sent out reinforcement in Sicily, while Hannibal made a bold move in beleaguering Italy before the former can prepared themselves in the waging war. The existing war gave Hannibal an opportunity to get the support Gaul militia, which in the end made his army more powerful, and resulted, to his second triumph at Trebia River. In March 217 BCE, the Great Commander winning streak perpetuated though in an unfortunate event he lost one of his eyes (some historians posited that this due to opthamalia) during the war. Roman militia’s power diminished as the war went on, in an unexpected happenstance their consul Flaminius was ambushed near the Trasimene Lake. Because of this, Hannibal exterminated two Roman legions, but it did not stop Rome and its allies from engaging and continuing the war. Instead, they aggravated the conflict when Quintus Fabius Maximus was chosen to be Rome’s dictator. The Roman council suggested an end-all be-all war, in which they were successful at its first battle at Cannae but they were eventually defeated when Carthaginian army overwhelmed them in a circular formation. Several of Roman allies was so disappointed with result of the Second Punic War, they decided to turn their back with Rome and decided to join the Carthage Empire. Then at age of thirty, Capua was established as Hannibal’s capital in Italy. He commanded his brother Mago Barca to relate the good news in Carthage and in doing so; Mago decanted hundreds of golden rings taken from the decimated cadavers of Roman army, while he was entering the entrance hall of the Carthaginian senate. Nevertheless, Roman council, along with their remaining allies, still resisted any agreement with Hannibal. Then the Great Commander decided to make an alliance with the Macedonian empire, which he acquired through the approval of King Philip V of Macedonia. With this approval, the Carthaginian forces were joined by Syracuse forces in 214 BCE. Rome did not falter; instead, they started an alliance with the Aetolia since this Greek town has a dispute with Macedonia. In the undying desire of Hannibal to expand his territory, he pursued Cumae and Puteoli ports, in order for him to strengthen his militia, but due to this, Rome found an opportunity to regain its nation’s confidence and to start anew because Hannibal neglected his offensives in Central Italy. In 212 BCE, Hannibal tasted his first failure.

Implementation Of The Scalable And Agile Lifecycle Security For Applications (SALSA)

SALSA framework is a revised version of security approaches that were previously implemented in detection of security defects within web applications. In this case, SALSA framework will be implemented in monitoring of attack vectors that hinder appropriate application of operations. Further, ways in which stable situation of application system can be maintained after attack will be discussed. A system known as automated build has a great influence in SALSA framework’s operations since it necessitates a continuous practice once areas with attack vectors are fixed. There are also a couple of benefits that SALSA framework is recognized to possess which are mainly based on its overall effectiveness in monitoring attack vectors. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCALABLE AND AGILE LIFECYCLE SECURITY FOR APPLICATIONS (SALSA) Introduction SALSA is an approach that has the capability of checking attack vectors as well as keeping them through their cycle of development. SALSA approach is produced from the combined effort of two information technology organizations; SANS and the other Intrinsic Security. The design of SALSA is similar to development methodology that is already in existence. This contributes to its efficiency since minimal guidance is needed in order to operate it, as its implementation is very interactive. SALSA implementation can be carried out in conjunction with several other security tools in order to bring desirable results. In comparison to SDL, which is almost similar security approach that mitigates security errors within lifecycles of Web applications, SALSA is different as it provides more security practices. These additional practices are cost effective which enables them to be used in all lifecycle areas including development. SALSA frame facilitates solutions that are measurable as well as automatic and has the capability of being incorporated in development software that already exist in an organization. However, SALSA application is not aimed at taking the place of organization’s methodologies but to influence the way organizations make considerations of security within the applications’ environments as well as their management. Cockbum, 2008) Scalable and Agile Lifecycle Security for Applications (SALSA) Framework to Assist In Monitoring Attack Vectors on Applications Attack vectors constitute all application interfaces that are exposed which have shown need for continuous monitoring in order to protect them from being attacked. When attack vectors are not updated and managed accordingly, they are normally endangered by security threats that are constantly evolving due to great technological advancements. Attack applications that are already exposed have the possibility of being loaded with security threats directing computers connected with internet to dangerous sites known as malware. The process can also follow a reverse direction where malware may be directed to those computers connected to internet. This is dangerous to applications since they will become susceptible to defects which are discovered by end users. This is likely to affect the trust that a user may have previously developed towards a certain organization’s applications. (SALSA, 2009) In the present situation a technique that analyses attack surfaces and is recommended by SALSA will be applied regularly in order to enable uncovering of security threats during applications. This will form the first step which will be undertaken by developers as they carry out planning process in the course of application lifecycle. The checklist used will portray all worst practices that have any relevance to attack vectors attraction, which will be banned. They will be replaced by best practices including standard directory for this particular application whose applications are being managed as well as updated. Design documents will also undergo some adjustments where the name of a customer will be needed to accompany his/her security number as part of application details, which is contrary to previous situations where only security number is requested. This will provide more identity details for applicants, which will make it easy to identify worst sources. Since design phase fails to provide appropriate opportunities to enable automation, security checklists that make use of standard baseline will be of great importance. It will address this inefficiency by including some additional rules in the process. These rules point out that it is not necessary to provide sensitive data in one’s records such as numbers of social security as their provision may expose the data accidentally to parties that were not supposed to have its access. Another additional rule that will be included in automated security checklist is that applicants who must give details of their security numbers should consider encrypting when storing them in databases in order to avoid possible accidental exposure. In case security defects are detected in particular application phases, SALSA will encourage developers to conduct a review of design being implemented as well as its definition. Threat modeling, which is constituted in SALSA framework, will be conducted after some time in order to arrange application items in order of priority in terms of the ones that need immediate fixing and those requiring a later fixture. (Howard, 2009) After worst practices are detected and banned, the appropriate ones will take their place within applications. This is because it is the worst ones that act as vector attack sources and when monitoring using checklist is conducted leading to their removal, it will eventually reduce their attack vectors. Once appropriate security practices that do not show susceptibility to vector attacks are put in place, they need to be maintained such that they are kept up to date all through applications development cycle. Their maintenance will avoid cases of consequent attacks, which will involve identification of new practices that will appear during applications and are important to avoidance of attack vectors. The practice of analyzing attack surfaces will be integrated as one of design tasks within application design phases. Each phase within application lifecycle will have distinct security checklists, which will be incorporated in the maintenance and updating process. This will enable consistent checks for every interaction which is contrary to what takes place in SDL where securing checking is conducted on occasional basis. (Chess, 2007) Fixing of appropriate practices, that are not susceptible to attack vectors within application lifecycle will be followed by integration of the same security practices within automatic version of checklist. This will necessitate improvement of security of software in use where automated checking will be applied to both intra and extranets that comprise of sensitive data. An automated system will be able to conduct security checks for attack vectors automatically throughout application development. This process will continue as a routine during the entire lifecycle of this application. The practice of automated build will constitute several elements including limits of both complexity as well as metric measures. Several utilities included in the application software’s codebase will have a likelihood of producing metrics such as JavaNCSS. Other types of utilities like complexity number of Cyclomatic will be capable of producing complexity estimates of application software modules in use. These two measurements are of great importance to managers of this particular application project since they will be able to know when design review is required. For instance, in a case when software modules portrays high ratings of complexity. This is because the more complex a module for checking attack vectors is, the more difficult its maintenance process becomes. Complexity will result to a situation where accidental security errors will occur to coding during application development. These assessments will undergo automation in order that alerts are generated at the instance a module is found to exceed appropriate levels at which checking for attack vectors will be conducted. This will call for an immediate review of application’s design before complexity situation leads to a break down of the entire application. (SANS, 2009) Another constituting element of automated system will be code analysis which will also be in automated form. This involves analyses of codes from application sources using different languages in order to detect some errors whose failure to detection will cause adverse security implications. This kind of analyses is essential since once the distinct tools are identified in various languages, it becomes easier to apply them in application of automated system where attack vectors are checked. This will in turn reduce attack vectors and also improve overall quality of codes used in attack vector detection practice. Unit testing that is also automated will follow the analyses of automated code. This will necessitate a situation where automatic tests will be performed on areas where worst practices that have attack vectors are replaced with appropriate practices to avoid consequent attacks. This practice of testing will be conducted automatically since it is clear that consequent attack vectors are capable of causing security consequences that are unintended. These security consequences may involve data exposure in cases when application modules have already crashed. In cases where such attack vectors will be encountered, their attack surfaces will be replaced after which automated tests will be created to avoid similar breakdowns in future. Automated system also comprises of automated packaging, which will assist in configuration of entire application system. Automation of packaging practice will mitigate the number of human errors that may introduce attack vectors within application systems during its actual installation time. The practice of automated packaging will sum up implementation of SALSA framework in monitoring of attack vectors. (Howard, 2009) Benefits of the SALSA Framework SALSA framework that is normally based on a unique element known as automated build has a number of benefits which are also taken as its advantages over other approaches that were implemented in almost similar applications previously. Among its benefits is a situation where it has the capability of overcoming scalability challenges which requires automated build. The continuous protection provided by SALSA framework results to sustainable security that is accompanied by improvement of application system quality. Costs incurred in fixing software once it has broken down due defects such as those caused by attack vectors are reduced considerably since consistent checks are conducted to ensure that the system does not break down. Integration costs are also reduced a great deal since SALSA framework is made available in an already integrated form which do not need additional integration for it to work. SALSA framework reduces the possibility of human error occurring within lifecycle of applications for attack vector monitoring. Efforts required in actual verification of security standards as well as reduction of security defects like attack vectors, are also reduced. All these benefits of SALSA framework give it preference above other approaches in security applications. (Howard, 2009) Conclusion It is clear that; SALSA framework is a very effective and efficient approach that is applied in various security applications for websites. The main objective under which SALSA framework operates is continuous checking of security defects like the one under study. SALSA framework will be expected to give very good results in checking of attack vectors as well as maintenance of a situation that is free from attack vectors. The various elements of automated build will have a great contribution towards attainment if this situation as they will ensure a consistent operation throughout the lifecycle of this particular application. (Chess, 2007)